Metal Detectors And Archaeology

There were violent volcanic activity 40,000 years ago which eventually took their toll on our predecessors on Earth - Neanderthals.
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It is in any case the theory of the Russian archaeologist Liubov Golovanova, writes USA Today web site science fair. Her theories will be presented broadly in a forthcoming issue of Current Archeology.

Dust kills

For approximately 30,000 years ago to stop the fossil traces of the Neanderthals, and they are followed by creatures that resemble much more on us. More widespread theories - than Golovanovas - has been that Neanderthals became extinct in the struggle for birth of new human species, or simply at war.

HUNTING: Neanderthals were very powerful in relation to the present people. It meant that they are not so easily got frostbite, and that because of their strength to cope with rough tools than present people. There is nothing to suggest that they were less intelligent than the present man, when you know that it took many millennia in our species displace them.
But the Russian archaeologist and her team have found volcanic ash in a cave in the Caucasus, which point to a massive ecological disaster caused by volcanic eruption and subsequent ash clouds and ditto fallout.

Suddenly winter

According to the Russian study shows ash, pollen and weapons left behind in the cave that “volcanic eruption had an unusual and devastating effect on the ecological system, and forced the extreme climatic deterioration - a so-called” volcanic winter - in the northern hemisphere. ”

They point out further on circumstantial evidence that there was a violent outbreak in Italy for about 40,000 years ago, and besides a minor in the Caucasus earlier.

From the report

- Based on these data, we make the hypothesis that this is why the Neanderthals disappeared suddenly
(In relation to a geological timetable) for about 40,000 years ago, after the most powerful volcanic eruption in Eurasia in their history.

- We also comes with the hypothesis that the disaster not only destroyed the Neanderthals ecological niches, but led to a massive avbefolkning in most of their residential areas in contemporary Europe and the Middle East. This loss of a viable core population may have contributed significantly to the final extinction of the species in all their areas, is written in the scientific report.

Neanderthals were once dependent on hunting big game such as bison and reindeer. When these species were affected by climate it created major problems for hunting people.

Resistance

Report meetings - virtually of course in an academic environment - resistance. Professor at the anthropological museum in Naples, Italy, FG Fedele, writes in a commentary that the conclusions of Golovanova is “shaky.” He thinks they have upgraded the disaster in order to create a convenient destruction that made the landscape opened up to other species - hominids (including Homo sapiens predecessors).

Archaeologist and paleontologist John Hoffecker of the University of Colorado comes with a comment that suggests that there is not much new in the latest report. To the distress of these outbreaks were contributors to the extinction of Neanderthals. Some places - Spain and the Caucasus - some tribes survived long after the blast in Italy, according to him.

In 3800 years , people have wondered how the Egyptians were able to construct pyramids. NTNU researcher Ole Jørgen Bryn took four years to crack the code.
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The Technology -based architect is launching this year a groundbreaking idea about how the Egyptians constructed their pointy pyramids.

- My theory can explain the structure of the Egyptian pyramids , “says Bryn .

Opens for the simplest explanation
Architect Ole Jørgen Bryn at Faculty of Architecture and Fine Art at NTNU said earlier scholars agree that the pyramids of Egypt must have been carefully planned. But no researchers have yet attempted to reconstruct this plan.

- Instead, Egyptologists and archaeologists skipped the planning phase and passed away at the question of what kind of ramp that the Egyptians used , “said Bryn to NRK.no.

Bryn has studied all of the 30 oldest Egyptian pyramids to derive his theory , in particular he has studied Khufus pyramid (also known as Cheops Pyramid ), which is 146.6 meters high.

Khufus pyramid was built so high that it remained the tallest building in 3800 years.

Open for all kinds of ramps
Bryn believes scientists until now have been too busy with stone blocks of gravity and how the Egyptians had to lift them up in the pyramid.

There have been a big discussion in the academic environment egyptologiske about what kind of ramp that has been used.

- With my theory , it is no longer a problem on a pyramid ramp hides outer geometry. The theory allows for all existing ramp theories and excludes none, “said Bryn .

- If there ’s scaffolding and the like around the buildings under construction is not a problem either for the Egyptians or for us. Precition measured from the inside out , not vice versa.

The tip in the right place
According to Bryn , only in Egypt they built pyramids pointed . In China and America were the pyramids built flat on top. Hence the need for precision much less here.

- In Egypt, had the tip of the pyramid ( apex point) located the exact center of the basal area .

Bryn believes he has found the explanation of how the Egyptians knew exactly where they should put pyramidion ; the last stone placed on the pyramid.

Four years of delivery
Those who would build the pyramids could not leave anything to chance.

The Egyptians had to have a precise plan to place each of the 2.3 million limestone blocks . The heaviest stones of the pyramid was made of granite and was used in the ceiling of gravkammerne . It was four years Delivery Time on these stones , and was made 900 km up the Nile in Aswan.

- When did you know in advance how many tiles you need , “said Bryn .

The designers had to know in advance how each stone should look like and exactly where each stone was placed.

- not least to build the lead to communicate we are construction workers where to insert each stone. This had the Egyptians know before they set out with a new pyramid.

At the same time the Egyptians needed a simple way to communicate this to the 10,000 workers who were illiterate.

Boringly easy
Bryn said the Egyptians were able to break the building’s precision system from the building’s physical parts. This system that we use with it for granted today was crucial that the Egyptians could reach apex point of the pyramid.

- The answer to the pyramid puzzle is unfortunately nothing more exciting than this, “says Bryn .

Ole Jørgen Bryn himself has been a partner in an architectural office in Oslo ( Ramstad & Bryn ), and he designed the large building. It is this experience he has used to understand how the Egyptians projected their pyramids.

- When you come to a construction site today, the building managers put up the building’s precision system; the building grid . . All measurements are taken from this system.

- Today we use the laser, but it’s not long ago griddet consisted of walls need and vertical strings .

Royal length unit
This system simplified the communication at the building site .

- Building chairmen could give the same , simple orders through the entire construction process. This made it possible also to use only whole numbers , not fractions , “says Bryn .

- The Egyptians had in fact no number that was less than one. Length unit was royal cubit, the length of the Pharaoh’s forearm . It was divided into seven palms ( palms ), which consisted of four fingers (English digit). All dimensions of the pyramid goes up with these measuring devices.

Bryn has recreated these principles for the pyramid structure by producing detailed working drawings for the pyramids.

Breakthrough ideas
Ole Jørgen Bryn ‘m surprised that nobody has thought of this before.

- Actually , I am shocked that this is not done long ago. It is strange that scientists for thousands of years have not thought about this. A pyramid is certainly a building.

He believes the experience of designing large buildings has been an assumption that he would manage to get on his theory of the pyramid ’s precision system.

- I said I do not about history or Egyptology . It is not my subject.

- The strange thing is that archaeologists and Egyptologists , who can not anything about the building, with the forward security has spoken out about how the Egyptians built or not built , their pyramids, “says Bryn laconically.

New Age
Ole Jørgen Bryn experience Egyptologist working in an hermetically sealed environment, and with good reason ..

- Next to the Egyptologist has only been New Age activists and the like have come to speak with his UFO -inspired explanations.

Bryn has worked with the Egyptian -American material historian Dr. Michel Barsoum of Drexel University in Philadelphia .

- It was very nice to have an Egyptian born in Cairo when we were studying the pyramids of retail in Egypt.

The theory of Ole Jørgen Bryn ’s in the last number (1-2 in 2010 ) of Nordic Journal of Architectural Research.

If the principles of Bryn drawings are correct , the archaeologists get a new “map “to go after the pyramid is no longer just a ” bunch of heavy stone with an unknown structure , but rather an incredibly precise structures.

Individual exhibition at NTNU
Ole Jørgen Bryn will be the weekend rigging up the exhibition “The Apex Point “at NTNU in Trondheim with a group of architectural students. Here, people can even see how Bryn theory works.

- There are many strings and vertical cords, just as I believe the Egyptians did.

The exhibition opens June 13 September on the second floor of main building at Gløshaugen and is open for only two weeks, until 1 October.

The volcano in Iceland and the dry summer in Britain has been a gift to British archaeologists.

See pictures from the original article here : http://www.storm.no/nyheter/se … -frem-fra-aakeren-3278348.html

Drought revealed a prehistoric enclosure in Holderness . The entrance can be seen right in the inner circle. Along the thin outer circle archaeologists think it was a dense wall of the timber. Early summer was unusually dry in the UK, and the fields dried up. On the green fields showed the yellow and brown lines.

Remains of buildings dating back to the Stone Age !

Thickness determines
When it becomes dry, withered grass only where the soil is thinnest . If the old building remains are almost up in the day , it should not have many days of drought before it withered grass disclose them.

Ditches and pits are revealed by the fact that the grass stays green.

This year was a drought so prolonged that it showed up traces of the remains deep in the earth.

The most interesting was a Roman camp in Dorset , writes English Heritage on their website.
On 16 April was the ash cloud, thick and black out of the volcano.
A light defense systems that were built as protection for the Roman soldiers on maneuvers in the first century .

- I can not think of a better year for us, “said Dave MacLeod .

Some days it was made around 60 new discoveries, and in several areas known drought revealed new details .

Cheered for the ashes
The stripes and spots are easily visible from the air, and archaeologists have long used planes when they look for new tracks from the past.

Volcanic eruption in Iceland came as an extra bonus!

It was not possible to fly jets for long periods, but for the single engine Cessna plane to English Heritage was no ash , no problem.

- We could fly we would in the airspace of airports in Gatwick, Stanstead , Luton and Bristol , “says Damian Grady .

The Moche Civilization, also called the mochica culture , early Chimú , pre- Chimú , Proto- Chimú , and so on flourished in the northern Peru from about 200 AD to 700 AD. Today it is estimated that the policy was not the same people as the people of the kingdom Chimú, and some believe there was once a kingdom, but rather a group of communities that shared a common iconography and technology. Some expect the Moche era as far as 300 BC to 1000 AD

Moche has a reputation for elaborate painted stoneware, gold work and irrigation. The Moche history are roughly divided into five periods in which the increasing complexity of decoration determine the category. Today we can see the pottery pieces , detailed erotic decorated stoneware and more from the Moche museums Museo de la Nacion and Museo Larco Herrera in Lima.

The Moche peopl lived mainly in three valleys : Chicama, Moche and Viru. Overweight among other places Sipán and Huancaco. In areas around the city Trujillo one can find several Moche ruins . Huaca del Sol, a pyramid structure, has been the largest pre-Columbian structure in Peru, but was partly destroyed when Europeans dug for gold. Fortunately , it appears that Huaca de la Luna has been important for the Moche and are preserved in perfect condition. It contains many colorful paintings on the wall with complex iconography . Excavation took place in 2004.

Ceramics

Decorated ceramics.The Moche ceramics is one of the most diverse in the world. Potters used methods to mass produce pottery, but had nevertheless considerable variation in form and images. Virtually all vegetables and important activities are documented through ceramics , including war, sex, metalworking and weaving. The figures were put in before ceramic dried , which is rarely done today because of the risk that they will explode in the oven if it comes air between the layers.

They were obviously very concerned about individuality. Each of the 100 000 000 bricks the Huaca del Sol had a badge that showed who had made them. Important persons would have vases shaped like the head of their team. Portrait vases also shows the personality of the depicted : Some laughs , some thinking , some are angry, and so on.

Colors used by the moche ceramics is not very varied, white and red is dominant while black and a yellowish cream color found a few plants. Most of the houses made of sun-dried clay stone , has been damaged by weather and plunderers of the past 1300 years, but the two huacaene left shows that the wall paintings their was a lot more colorful . We know very little about their clothes since all fabric has disintegrated ; mochefolket lived in northern Peru that will be inundated this year with El Niño.

Religion

The Moche people worshiped a figure called neck sculptor who were often portrayed as a spider.But also as a being with wings or a kind of sea monster with tentacles. When the body is in the manufacture , he is always shown with a knife in one hand and a head kept by hair in the other. It is believed this was the human sacrifice rituals of alien soldiers.

Destruction
There are various theories about the cause of the downfall of the moche civilisasion . Climatic studies have shown that a climatic catastrophe occurred between the years 550 and 600. First, the coast hit a 30 -year period of flood rain (a large El Niño). This was followed by a drying period of 30 years or more. The drilling of ice cores from glaciers in Andes that has denuded this. Recent discoveries of the North American archaeologist Tom Dillehay shows that civilization survived as long as years 650, and that the settlement after it was concerned with subsistence and defensive work. Since there is no evidence of alien invasions, pointing it in the direction of that civilization disintegrated from within after a turbulent period which was followed by climatic changes.

Other
Moche was a culture in early in the horizon who lived at the same time Nasca culture. They both came after Chavin and was followed by Huari and Chimú. You think that people in the Moche had limited contact with the Nazca culture because they dug out guano for fertilizer in the territory of Nasca . Moche pottery has been found near Ica, While not found Nasca pottery in Moche territory.

The Nazca culture (C. 300 BC -800 AD) flourished in the area where Ica- and Nazca Provinces in Ica Region in Peru is today. The culture has created the widely known Nasca lines and impressive underground aqeducts still in operation. Near where the aqueducts open to tourists is a lookout point where one can see a building that is built after the inca conquest. On the desert plain of the lines is a ceremonial center, Cahuachi, where one can see beyond the pampas .

Ceramics

The territory was a wasteland when the Nasca culture with the help of the aqeduct tecnology made into a viable area for farming. Ceramics constitute new objects in the common design, but also objects designed as models of mythical or naturalistic shapes as in the image on the right. In general, the images in the decoration varied expressions , a feature of much Nazca pottery is that the images are multi -colored .

Nazca pottery is divided into nine phases. Around 200 BC at the end of the draugth period Early horizon, Started Nasca I. Pottery from this era contains the mythical from paracas culture But adds figurative models of things like fruits , plants , humans and animals. Realism was the increasing emphasis in the coming phases , II , III and IV , also referred to as the monumental phases. Pottery from these periods encompass an expression where the main drawings placed on a white or bright red background color. The next phase , Nazca V , the image of naturalistic human and supernatural beings. Phase VI and VII, add the military look and distinguish between ordinary people and the social elite. In these two phases, see also an early influence from Moche. Finally, in Phase VIII , comes complete separate characters and a rich iconography that still no one has deciphered .

Division into phases was done before Radiocarbon was invented. It creates some problems with dating of phases which now appears to have overlapped each other. It has rained Nasca IX to stop around 600, but some objects in the category was as late as 755 , or later . The final phase is actually a manifestation of the wari culture from the highlands. A few archaeologists do not expect this as a distinct phase in the Nasca and speaks rather about eight phases.

Textiles
The culture is also known for textiles it has left behind. Nazca started to use wool from lama and from alpaca thousand years before the cultures on the northern coast found to appreciate the camel wool from animals, a believe that the source for wool was in Ayacucho Region. The motifs that appeared in the pottery maker art came first in textiles . The textiles from the Nazca and the paracas culture has been well preserved in the dry climate of the area and summarizes most of what we know about early textiles in the region.