Metal Detectors And Archaeology

The Moche Civilization, also called the mochica culture , early Chimú , pre- Chimú , Proto- Chimú , and so on flourished in the northern Peru from about 200 AD to 700 AD. Today it is estimated that the policy was not the same people as the people of the kingdom Chimú, and some believe there was once a kingdom, but rather a group of communities that shared a common iconography and technology. Some expect the Moche era as far as 300 BC to 1000 AD

Moche has a reputation for elaborate painted stoneware, gold work and irrigation. The Moche history are roughly divided into five periods in which the increasing complexity of decoration determine the category. Today we can see the pottery pieces , detailed erotic decorated stoneware and more from the Moche museums Museo de la Nacion and Museo Larco Herrera in Lima.

The Moche peopl lived mainly in three valleys : Chicama, Moche and Viru. Overweight among other places Sipán and Huancaco. In areas around the city Trujillo one can find several Moche ruins . Huaca del Sol, a pyramid structure, has been the largest pre-Columbian structure in Peru, but was partly destroyed when Europeans dug for gold. Fortunately , it appears that Huaca de la Luna has been important for the Moche and are preserved in perfect condition. It contains many colorful paintings on the wall with complex iconography . Excavation took place in 2004.

Ceramics

Decorated ceramics.The Moche ceramics is one of the most diverse in the world. Potters used methods to mass produce pottery, but had nevertheless considerable variation in form and images. Virtually all vegetables and important activities are documented through ceramics , including war, sex, metalworking and weaving. The figures were put in before ceramic dried , which is rarely done today because of the risk that they will explode in the oven if it comes air between the layers.

They were obviously very concerned about individuality. Each of the 100 000 000 bricks the Huaca del Sol had a badge that showed who had made them. Important persons would have vases shaped like the head of their team. Portrait vases also shows the personality of the depicted : Some laughs , some thinking , some are angry, and so on.

Colors used by the moche ceramics is not very varied, white and red is dominant while black and a yellowish cream color found a few plants. Most of the houses made of sun-dried clay stone , has been damaged by weather and plunderers of the past 1300 years, but the two huacaene left shows that the wall paintings their was a lot more colorful . We know very little about their clothes since all fabric has disintegrated ; mochefolket lived in northern Peru that will be inundated this year with El Niño.

Religion

The Moche people worshiped a figure called neck sculptor who were often portrayed as a spider.But also as a being with wings or a kind of sea monster with tentacles. When the body is in the manufacture , he is always shown with a knife in one hand and a head kept by hair in the other. It is believed this was the human sacrifice rituals of alien soldiers.

Destruction
There are various theories about the cause of the downfall of the moche civilisasion . Climatic studies have shown that a climatic catastrophe occurred between the years 550 and 600. First, the coast hit a 30 -year period of flood rain (a large El Niño). This was followed by a drying period of 30 years or more. The drilling of ice cores from glaciers in Andes that has denuded this. Recent discoveries of the North American archaeologist Tom Dillehay shows that civilization survived as long as years 650, and that the settlement after it was concerned with subsistence and defensive work. Since there is no evidence of alien invasions, pointing it in the direction of that civilization disintegrated from within after a turbulent period which was followed by climatic changes.

Other
Moche was a culture in early in the horizon who lived at the same time Nasca culture. They both came after Chavin and was followed by Huari and Chimú. You think that people in the Moche had limited contact with the Nazca culture because they dug out guano for fertilizer in the territory of Nasca . Moche pottery has been found near Ica, While not found Nasca pottery in Moche territory.

The Nazca culture (C. 300 BC -800 AD) flourished in the area where Ica- and Nazca Provinces in Ica Region in Peru is today. The culture has created the widely known Nasca lines and impressive underground aqeducts still in operation. Near where the aqueducts open to tourists is a lookout point where one can see a building that is built after the inca conquest. On the desert plain of the lines is a ceremonial center, Cahuachi, where one can see beyond the pampas .

Ceramics

The territory was a wasteland when the Nasca culture with the help of the aqeduct tecnology made into a viable area for farming. Ceramics constitute new objects in the common design, but also objects designed as models of mythical or naturalistic shapes as in the image on the right. In general, the images in the decoration varied expressions , a feature of much Nazca pottery is that the images are multi -colored .

Nazca pottery is divided into nine phases. Around 200 BC at the end of the draugth period Early horizon, Started Nasca I. Pottery from this era contains the mythical from paracas culture But adds figurative models of things like fruits , plants , humans and animals. Realism was the increasing emphasis in the coming phases , II , III and IV , also referred to as the monumental phases. Pottery from these periods encompass an expression where the main drawings placed on a white or bright red background color. The next phase , Nazca V , the image of naturalistic human and supernatural beings. Phase VI and VII, add the military look and distinguish between ordinary people and the social elite. In these two phases, see also an early influence from Moche. Finally, in Phase VIII , comes complete separate characters and a rich iconography that still no one has deciphered .

Division into phases was done before Radiocarbon was invented. It creates some problems with dating of phases which now appears to have overlapped each other. It has rained Nasca IX to stop around 600, but some objects in the category was as late as 755 , or later . The final phase is actually a manifestation of the wari culture from the highlands. A few archaeologists do not expect this as a distinct phase in the Nasca and speaks rather about eight phases.

Textiles
The culture is also known for textiles it has left behind. Nazca started to use wool from lama and from alpaca thousand years before the cultures on the northern coast found to appreciate the camel wool from animals, a believe that the source for wool was in Ayacucho Region. The motifs that appeared in the pottery maker art came first in textiles . The textiles from the Nazca and the paracas culture has been well preserved in the dry climate of the area and summarizes most of what we know about early textiles in the region.

Termoluminesens is a method to reach absolute dating of archaeological material that contains mineral crystals and have been burned. It is especially suited to the dating of pottery, burnt clay contains enough crystals.

The method is based on that all such materials stores repel electrons from radioactive isotopes. When it gets burned freed electrons , so that the material is ” reset “. It starts to store electrons when it is buried, and thus can , by measuring the radiation force in the area and the amount of electrons in materials, and thus find out how long it’s been there.

There is very little margin of error termoluminisens , usually expects only five years plus / minus. It is far less than radiocarbon, Which is partly due to measurement method, and partly that by termoluminisens receive an increasing number of measurable material, while the radiocarbon measure an ever- decreasing amount of such a goal to be more accurate.

There are two important sources of error in dating : Materials must have been buried for receiving electrons, and it may have gone a long time from production until it ended up in the earth, and the material may have been burned again as a result of fire in the building where it was kept or geothermal activity.

The reason termoluminesens not nearly so often used such as radiocarbon is the relatively high cost of analysis , and that the material , in most cases, pottery, must be crushed to a fine powder before it can be analyzed. Mon risk , therefore, to pay a high sum to get results , while losing potentially important reference material.

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Peru has been missing around 60,000 tourists as a result of Machu Picchu has been closed for two months. Now, however, the tourists again flock to the country’s major attractions.

At the end of January brought heavy rainfall to the Incas secret city from the 1400s was closed to tourism.

Large losses
The main reason was a landslide that blocked line trains to Cuzco, where the travels of Machu Picchu normally starts.

According BBC is about 90 percent of the country’s tourism revenues from the Cuzco region, Peru has lost around six million in tourism revenue for each day the point of interest has been closed.

Now, however, the tourists back to visit Machu Picchu, and the country’s authorities hope people have not been frightened by the incident in January.

Restrictions
In the past, including UNESCO, behind the famous World Heritage list, announced that the attraction can be damaged as a result of too many tourists.

Therefore, it is among other things, restrictions on the number of people who daily visit the ruined city.